23^rd Annual Meet on Obesity and Diet April 23-23, 2020 Vienna, Austria

The root of obesity ethology is imbalance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure. Healthy diets along with physical activity are key to good nutrition and necessary for a long and healthy life.  Unbalanced intake of foods high in sugar/starch and fat but low in essential nutrients commits to energy excess, overweight and obesity. Healthy diet includes high protein diet, low fat diet and low glycaemic diet.

In the event that a man's body weight is no less than 20% higher than it ought to be, he or she is viewed as corpulent. On the off chance that your Body Mass Index (BMI) is in the vicinity of 25 and 29.9, you are viewed as overweight. On the off chance that your BMI is 30 or over you are viewed as fat. Obesity has different types like Endocrinal and hormonal obesity, Causes and consequences, Childhood obesity, Obesity during Pregnancy, Control of obesity, Weight management, advanced treatment for obesity.

Many morbidly obese people desire to consume food more when compared to their reserves and their need. Hunger hormone called ghrelin was found more frequent in obese patients. The weight loss plan normally implies the intake of vitamins for fitness or weight-management motives. Individual dietary selections can also be greater or a lot much less healthful. , the hypothalamus integrates a number of peripheral signals which modulate food intake and energy expenditure.  Hormones, such as peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, and ghrelin, are modulated by acute food ingestion.

A nutritional deficiency happens when the body doesn’t get sufficient nutrient food or absorb nutrient taken in the form of food. Deficiencies will result in a variety of health issues. Obesity causes vitamin D deficiency, a nutrient that helps the body absorb calcium, which is essential for healthy bones, the nutritional recommendations has mainly helped in  prevention of diseases. Diet and physical activity are the most difficult exposures to assess in observational research and are plagued by considerable measurement error. These will embrace digestion problems, skin disorders, scrubby or defective bone growth, and even dementia. A person can be overweight and still be malnourished. This can be due to having a diet consisting of food and drink that's high in fat and sugar but low in essential vitamins and minerals.

Obesity patient have multiple genes that predispose them to gain excess weight. One such gene is the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), the presence of these genes causes increased hunger levels, increased caloric intake, reduced satiety, and reduced control over eating, increased tendency to be sedentary, increased tendency to store body fat.  Gene and genome-wide association studies have led to the discovery of nine loci concerned in Mendelian forms of obesity and 58 loci contributes to polygenic obesity.

Obesity increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure and coronary heart disease (CHD).The mechanisms through which obesity increases cardiovascular diseases risk involve changes in body composition that may affect hemodynamics and alters heart structure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by the adipose tissue can induce cardiac dysfunction and can promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques .

Diabetes is an associated disorder characterized by chronic high blood glucose levels due to the body's failure to produce enough insulin to regulate high glucose levels. There are 2 types of diabetes. Type1 diabetes, which often arises in adolescents, is caused by the body's inability to make type2 diabetes, which occurs as a result of the body's failure to react properly to insulin. Links between obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is known that factors of developing various types of diabetes mellitus. For type 2 diabetes, this includes being overweight (having a body mass index - BMI - of 30 or greater). Overweight is increasing the chance to developing the common type of diabetes, type 2 diabetes.

Obesity can be associated with several endocrine alterations arising as a result of changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary hormones axes. These include hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency. Adipose tissue has many other important functions that can be mediated through hormones or substances synthesized and released by adipocytes which include leptin and adiponectin. Hypothyroidism is a common clinical problem seen in obese patients and could contribute to the presence of symptoms such as fatigue and inability to concentrate. Hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiencies are both associated with abdominal obesity. The treatment of these two conditions can result in improving conditioning, muscle strength, and stamina in weight loss, improved metabolic profile, and improved bone density.

Obese people often have chronic low-level inflammation which can cause DNA damage that leads to cancer.  Obese patients are more likely than normal-weight individuals to have disorders that cause chronic local inflammation and that are risk factors for the developing of certain type of cancers. Such as Barrett oesophagus, gallbladder cancer .adipose tissue produces excess amounts of estrogen, elevated levels of estrogen leads to increased risks of breast, endometrial, ovarian, and some other cancers. Obese people often have increased insulin levels in blood and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). High levels of insulin and IGF-1 promotes the development of colon, kidney, prostate, and endometrial cancers.

Fat cells produce adipokines, hormones that may stimulate or inhibit cell growth. Fat cells have direct and indirect effects on cell growth regulators, which include mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase. Other mechanisms by which obesity could affect cancer risk include changes in the mechanical properties of altering immune responses and the scaffolding that surrounds breast cells, which effects on the nuclear factor of kappa beta system and oxidative stress. Obesity may also lead to increased cancer-related mortality.

Obesity is associated with many medical complications that can reduce a person life span. Excess weight will increase the risk factor in the development of illnesses, which includes respiratory diseases, chronic kidney diseases, musculoskeletal disorders gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders lower physical functioning performance and psychological problems. Obesity leads to gain more weight, having a high ratio of body fat lead to put muscle strain on bones as well as your internal organs. It also increases inflammation in the body, which result to cause of cancer. Obesity is also a major cause of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Obesity in women is associated with alterations in the reproductive cycle with a reduction in fertility, increased risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and infrequent or no ovulation. Maternal obesity during pregnancy is fraught with risks to both the mother and baby. Adverse maternal outcomes associated with obesity include an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage, gestational diabetes, hypertensive disease of pregnancy including gestational proteinuria hypertension with multi-system consequences.

Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescent are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. They are more prone to develop non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. Childhood obesity can fondly affect children's physical health, social, and emotional well-being, and self-esteem.  Obesity can affect adolescent’s health by high blood pressure and high cholesterol, Osteoarthritis, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, Sleep apnea and breathing Problems etc.

Weight loss can decrease health risk factors and possibly improve prognosis. Bariatric surgery seems to be the best way for morbidly obese patients to lose weight, assuming that they adhere to principles of risk factor modulation. Weight-loss medications works in most patients who also comply with lifestyle changes, but these drugs have a number of side-effects.Against Obesity Medicine or weight reduction medications are all Pharmacology operators that diminishing or controlling the weight. The medications recommended for the fat people primarily work by either changing an individual's yearning or by the assimilation of additional calories in the body. Weight reduction in people who are fat may decrease wellbeing dangers. Contemplates have found that weight reduction with some solution progresses pulse, blood cholesterol, triglycerides and also insulin resistance. Some examination recommends that long haul utilization of weight reduction drugs may also help people keep off the shed pounds.

Treatments for obesity include losing weight through healthy eating, being more physically active, and making other changes to their usual habits. Weight-management programs may help some obesity patient to lose weight or keep from regaining lost weight. Some patients are unable to lose enough weight to improve their health or are unable to keep from regaining weight. In such cases, a doctor may consider adding other treatments, including weight-loss medicines, weight-loss devices, bariatric surgery.

The anti-obesity drug would produce sustained weight loss with minimal side effects. These Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle. Anti-obesity drugs operate through mechanisms such as suppression of the appetite.  Amphetamine based drugs result in blocking the cannabinoid receptors which result in appetite suppression.

Dietary supplements are vitamins, minerals, herbs, and numerous different items. They can come as pills, capsules, powders, beverages, and vitality bars. Supplements don't need to experience the testing that medications do. A dietary supplement is either proposed to give supplements to expand the amount of their utilization, or to give non-supplement chemicals which are guaranteed to have an organically gainful impact. A dietary supplement is either proposed to give supplements with a specific end goal to expand the amount of their utilization, or to give non-supplement chemicals which are guaranteed to have a naturally useful impact.

The development and implementation of obesity prevention Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle  should target barriers to lifestyle change at personal, environmental and socioeconomic levels and implementation of effective public health strategies to obesity prevention should (1) target the food , the physical activity and the broader socioeconomic ; (2) directly influence behaviour, aiming at improving eating and physical activity b; and (3) support health services and clinical interventions. 

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally and is a major contributor to the global burden of chronic diseases. Dietary factors are the major modifiable factors through which many of the external forces promoting weight gain act.During the past 20 years, obesity among adults has risen significantly. Among youth, 18 per cent of children aged 6-11 years and 21 percent of teens aged 12–19 years are considered obese. Obesity results in adverse metabolic effects on blood pressure, sterol, triglycerides and hypoglycaemic agent resistance. Risks of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accident and type 2 diabetes increase with increasing body mass index (BMI), a measure of weight relative to height. Raised Body mass index also will increase the chance of cancer of the breast, colon, prostate, mucous membrane, excretory organ and gall bladder. Mortality rates also increase with increasing body mass index.

Yoga and Naturopathy treats obesity by correcting underlying imbalance through lifestyle change that requires a plan of care that supports long-term sustainable health .naturopathy practice patient with self-healing property and use the clinical encounter to inspire and guide patients to develop a healthier lifestyle.  Practice of Yoga, yogasanas, pranayama, meditation, sun salutation and various exercises is very effective for obesity reduction .These have therapeutic benefits to reduce obesity and prevent related diseases.