Obesity and Diet

The two main contributors of obesity are overeating and insufficient physical activity. If you take a lot of calories, particularly fat and sugar, but really don't exhaust them through physical activity, the body will store a major fraction of the excess calories as fat. To maintain a healthy weight, the typical physically active man needs around 2,500 calories per day, whereas the typical physically active woman needs about 2,000 calories per day. Genetics, food addictions, Leptin Resistance, Insulin, food availability and processed foods are the main contributors to obesity.

The best anti-obesity medication would result in minimum adverse effects and long-term weight loss. Energy balance regulation mechanisms are highly redundant by design, have significant overlap with other physiological processes, and are impacted by social, hedonic, and psychological factors, which reduce the efficacy of pharmacological therapies. Drugs that target metabolic pathways in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipocytes have showed promise in preclinical research, but none have entered clinical development. Recent advances in knowledge of leptin and its upstream pathways in the hypothalamus, as well as peptidergic signaling of hunger and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract mediated by ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1, have created new opportunities.

Diet and nutrition are essential for preserving a population's general and dental health. Diet relates to the amount of food a person consumes in total, whereas nutrition is the act of using food to support tissue growth, metabolism, and repair. Diet, nutrition, and health all have a two-way interaction; nutrient deficiencies can have an impact on one's health and vice versa. Dietary guidelines have been produced to offer people evidence-based advice for foods and drinks with the goal of promoting a diet that satisfies nutrient needs and preventing diet-related disorders including dental caries and obesity. Specific diets that exist so far are vegetarian, vegan, ketogenic, gluten-free, paleo, blood type diet, Mediterranean.

The frequency or timing of protein synthesis from your genes' instructions is referred to as gene expression. While epigenetic alterations impact gene expression to switch genes "on" and "off," genetic modifications can modify which proteins are produced. It is simple to show how your genes, behaviours, and environment are related since your environment and activities, such nutrition and exercise, can cause epigenetic alterations.

Three systems that can interact with each other in to silence genes:

DNA Methylation

Histone Modifications

RNA-Associated silencing

Cosmetic surgery For people who are close to their ideal weight but need to get rid of stubborn fat  procedures like liposuction and the stomach tuck are practiced.  Recognizing that plastic surgery is a very serious process and that pre-existing health concerns must be managed in order to ensure a safe procedure

Bariatric surgery

The most popular and long-lasting method of treating obesity is bariatric surgery, which is becoming more common. Numerous prospective and longitudinal studies conducted over a number of years have shown the advantages of bariatric surgery for weight loss, mortality, and other chronic conditions. They are three types of surgeries that are widely used across the world. These include the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the vertical sleeve gastrectomy, and the adjustable gastric band

The non-surgical approach to treatment often consists of several different pharmacotherapies, behavioral therapy, dietary adjustments with the primary goal of lowering energy consumption, and behavioral therapy.

Behavioral therapy

 Physical therapy

Obstetrics manages the consideration of the pregnant ladies, the unborn child, work and conveyance and the prompt time frame following labor The obstetrician guarantees that mother and kid get the best pre-birth care to guarantee work and conveyance is achieved without entanglements and that should mediation be required, it is done rapidly and securely.

Gynecology manages any affliction concerning the regenerative organs; uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, ovaries and vagina. A gynecologist may likewise treat related issues in the gut, bladder and urinary framework since these are firmly connected with female conceptive organs.

Weight increases when dietary energy consumption surpasses energy use and has emerged in numerous social orders due to an undeniably "obesogenic" environment. Obesity has numerous health issues results including improvement of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes. The metabolic disorder is a bunch of cardio metabolic irregularities which together imply added risk factors for cardiovascular sickness and T2D.The condition occurs more regularly in overweight individuals, influencing moderately barely any (3-4%) youngsters of normal weight and 26-50% of obese children and adolescent.

 obesity represent around 20% of all malignant growth cases. Proof on the connection of each to disease is summed up, including esophageal, thyroid, colon, renal, liver, melanoma, various myeloma, rectum, gallbladder, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate in men; and postmenopausal breast and endometrium in women. Various mechanisms drive etiologic pathways for these diseases.

Obesity is preventable with a healthy lifestyle that includes a healthy Diet, physical activity, limiting unhealthy foods, getting adequate sleep. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legume are common dietary adjustments that tend to be lower in fat and higher in fiber and micronutrients. You can feel fuller and more pleased after consuming fewer calories because they are more nutritious. Your weight loss journey may be supported by approaches including cognitive behavioral therapy. Your brain may be rewired to encourage beneficial changes using these techniques. They can also assist you in controlling stress and addressing any emotional or psychological issues that might be hindering your progress.

Candidate gene approach, Genome-Wide Linkage Studies, Circadian Rhythms, Neuropeptides in Appetite Regulation are the recent approaches for treating obesity. Recent approaches in drug therapies include

• inhibitors of fat absorption
• inhibitors of the endocannabinoid system
• Modifiers of central nervous system neurotransmission of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.